Alterations of Gut Microbiota by Overnutrition Impact Gluconeogenic Gene Expression and Insulin Signaling

A high-fat, Western-style diet is an important predisposing factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes and obesity. It causes changes in gut microbial profile, reduction of microbial diversity, and the impairment of the intestinal barrier, leading to increased serum lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) levels. Elevated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces acetyltransferase P300 both in the nucleus and cytoplasm of liver hepatocytes through the activation of the IRE1-XBP1 pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum stress. In the nucleus, induced P300 acetylates CRTC2 to increase CRTC2 abundance and drives Foxo1 gene expression, resulting in increased expression of the rate-limiting gluconeogenic gene G6pc and Pck1 and abnormal liver glucose production. Furthermore, abnormal cytoplasm-appearing P300 acetylates IRS1 and IRS2 to disrupt insulin signaling, leading to the prevention of nuclear exclusion and degradation of FOXO1 proteins to further exacerbate the expression of G6pc and Pck1 genes and liver glucose production. Inhibition of P300 acetyltransferase activity by chemical inhibitors improved insulin signaling and alleviated hyperglycemia in obese mice. Thus, P300 acetyltransferase activity appears to be a therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.     

A comparative study on the effect of carbon-based and ceramic additives on the properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites for high temperature applications

Ablative composites have been in use for thermal protection of space vehicles for decades. Carbon-phenolic composites have proven to perform exceptionally well in these applications. However with development in aerospace industry their performance needs improvement. In this field, different carbon-based and ceramic additives have been introduced into ablative composite systems. This review article gives a comparative analysis of researches done in this field in the recent past. Density, ablative, thermal and mechanical properties of ablative composites with different ultra-high temperature ceramic particles i.e. ZrSi₂, Cenosphere, nano-SiO₂, BN etc. and carbon-based nanoparticles i.e. CNTs, nano-Diamonds, Graphene oxide etc. used as additives, have been compared and discussed. Emphasis is put on carbon-phenolic composite systems although some epoxy matrix systems have also been discussed for comparison.     

Nitrogen Removal Performance of Denitrifying Ammonium Oxidation System in Treating Sulfamethoxazole-laden Secondary Wastewater Effluent

In this study,nitrogen removal performance of the denitrifying ammonium oxidation(DAO)process was investigated when treating sulfamethoxazole(SMX)-laden secondary wastewater effluent.The influent SMX concentration showed negligible effect on efficiencies for removal of nitrate and COD.However,the ammonium ions removal rate was moderately reduced,when the influent SMX concentration in wastewater reached 6 mg/L.Total nitrogen removal efficiency remained as high as 76.77%towards the day 158 at the end of experiment.Candidatus_Brocadia and Candidatus_Kuenenia were the functional anammox strains.The unclassified_f__Rhodobacteraceae sp.was predominant heterotrophic denitrifying strain in the studied reactor.The concentrations of soluble extracellular polymeric substances in sludge obviously increased from 16.76 mg/g VSS to 32.31 mg/g VSS,which might protect the nitrogen removal strains from high-concentration SMX.This result provides a theoretical and technical foundation for the application of denitrifying ammonium oxidation process in treating sulfamethoxazole-laden secondary wastewater effluent.     

Cyclic thermal shock resistance of h-BN composite ceramics with La2O3–Al2O3–SiO2 addition

The effects of La₂O₃–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ addition on the thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), Young's modulus and cyclic thermal shock resistance of hot-pressed h-BN composite ceramics were investigated. The samples were heated to 1000 °C and then quenched to room temperature with 1–50 cycles, and the residual flexural strength was used to evaluate cyclic thermal shock resistance. h-BN composite ceramics containing 10 vol% La₂O₃–Al₂O₃ and 20 vol% SiO₂ addition exhibited the highest flexural strength, thermal conductivity and relatively low CTE, which were beneficial to the excellent thermal shock resistance. In addition, the viscous amorphous phase of ternary La₂O₃–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ system could accommodate and relax thermal stress contributing to the high thermal shock resistance. Therefore, the residual flexural strength still maintained the value of 234.3 MPa (86.9% of initial strength) after 50 cycles of thermal shock.     

Acquisition and Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance: A tet(X) Case Study

Understanding the mechanisms leading to the rise and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is crucially important for the preservation of power of antimicrobials and controlling infectious diseases. Measures to monitor and detect AMR, however, have been significantly delayed and introduced much later after the beginning of industrial production and consumption of antimicrobials. However, monitoring and detection of AMR is largely focused on bacterial pathogens, thus missing multiple key events which take place before the emergence and spread of AMR among the pathogens. In this regard, careful analysis of AMR development towards recently introduced antimicrobials may serve as a valuable example for the better understanding of mechanisms driving AMR evolution. Here, the example of evolution of tet(X), which confers resistance to the next-generation tetracyclines, is summarised and discussed. Initial mechanisms of resistance to these antimicrobials among pathogens were mostly via chromosomal mutations leading to the overexpression of efflux pumps. High-level resistance was achieved only after the acquisition of flavin-dependent monooxygenase-encoding genes from the environmental microbiota. These genes confer resistance to all tetracyclines, including the next-generation tetracyclines, and thus were termed tet(X). ISCR2 and IS26, as well as a variety of conjugative and mobilizable plasmids of different incompatibility groups, played an essential role in the acquisition of tet(X) genes from natural reservoirs and in further dissemination among bacterial commensals and pathogens. This process, which took place within the last decade, demonstrates how rapidly AMR evolution may progress, taking away some drugs of last resort from our arsenal.     

From enfant terrible to problem-solver? Tracing the competing discourse to explain blockchain-related technological diffusion

Since the inception of blockchain-related technologies over a decade ago, investors’ uptake of the technologies has grown rapidly. But even with the advancement in standing from conceptual beginnings to real-world experimentation, mainstream adoption of the technologies in either organizational or individual contexts has yet to eventuate. To resolve this paradox, we examine progression of the technologies’ diffusion instead, and in the process, seek to uncover the underlying dynamics of sentiments at play. Diffusion involves multiple actions by different parties, with social discourses via diverse media playing an essential role. In demonstrating the interplay of support to resistance via media framing and the diffusion of innovation theory, findings from our paper contribute to the technology adoption literature. Understanding resistant behavior toward a new technology area could help resolve potential issues that may arise. This would hopefully lead to better technological implementation outcomes in future.     

Improvement of mechanical property and corrosion resistance of Mg-Zn-Nd alloy by bi-direction drawing

Mg-Zn-Nd alloy is a promising biodegradable metal material for surgical staples during the reconstruc-tion of digestive tract due to its good biocompatibility and suitable mechanical properties.However,its deformation property and corrosion resistance should be improved to make better safety and effective-ness of staples.In the present study,bi-direction drawing was adopted to maintain the initial texture characteristics,and improve mechanical property and corrosion resistance of Mg-2Zn-0.5Nd alloy.The results showed that the microstructure after bi-direction did not change too much,but the texture could maintain its initial characteristics.The ductility of the alloy with 60 ％ accumulative area reduction after bi-direction drawing was increased by 70 ％,indicating that an outstanding deformation property of Mg-Zn-Nd alloy can be obtained by bi-direction drawing.The corrosion resistance was also improved after bi-direction drawing compared with that under single direction drawing.     

Microstructures and properties of nickel-titanium carbide composites fabricated by laser cladding

In this work, Ni/TiC composites were synthesized by the laser cladding technique (LCT). A scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), microhardness meter, electrochemical workstation, and friction and wear tester examined the microstructure, surface morphology, phase structure, microhardness, wear, and corrosion resistances of the Ni/TiC composites. These results indicated the Ni/40TiC composite contained finer equiaxed crystals than the Ni and Ni/20TiC composites. In addition, numerous TiC particles in the Ni/40TiC composite impeded growth of the nickel crystals, which resulted in the fine microstructure of the Ni/40TiC composite. The Ni, Ni/20TiC, and Ni/40TiC composites exhibited face-centered cubic (f c c) lattices. The average microhardness values of the Ni/20TiC and Ni/40TiC composites were approximately 748 HV and 851 HV, respectively. The Ni/40TiC composite had the lowest friction coefficient (0.43) among all three coatings, and only some shallow scratches appeared on the surface of the Ni/40TiC composite. The corrosion potential (E) of Ni/40TiC exceeded the Ni/20TiC composite, and both were larger than the Ni composite, which indicated the Ni/40TiC composite had outstanding corrosion resistance and the Ni composite had poor corrosion resistance. The corrosion current densities (i) of Ni, Ni/20TiC, and Ni/40TiC composites were 5.912, 4.405, and 3.248 μA/cm², respectively.     

Effect of particle grading on fracture behavior and thermal shock resistance of MgO-C refractories

Two types of MgO-C refractories with tight particle grading and non-tight particle grading were prepared according to Andreasen's continuous packing theory. Fracture behaviors were investigated using wedge splitting tests combined with digital image correlation method and acoustic emission techniques. The results indicated that MgO-C refractory with non-tight particle grading treated at 1400 ℃ had more in situ phases (e.g., AlN and MgAl₂O₄) and exhibited less brittleness than specimens with tight particle grading even though they had similar nominal tensile strengths. In contrast, specimens with non-tight particle grading had greater horizontal strain under various loading stages, reflecting their better ability to resist rupture deformation. In addition, more microcracks were initiated earlier in the pre-peak region, and more energy was consumed. The decrease in coarse particles and corresponding increase in fine powder content increased the interface between particles, benefiting for reducing the local stress concentration and improving the thermal shock resistance of refractories.     

Structural characteristics and high-temperature oxidation behaviour of nano-HfO2-doped thermal barrier coatings

The uneven growth of thermally grown oxides (TGOs) in thermal barrier coating systems is an important cause of cracking failure at the coating interface in high-temperature environments. The doping of rare earth elements in the bonding layer can effectively inhibit the formation of spinel oxides in the TGO and improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of the coating. However, a single rare earth element has a limited effect on inhibiting TGO failure. In this study, a NiCoCrAlYHf coating was prepared using a supersonic flame spraying (HVOF) technique. The effects of HfO₂ doping on the high-temperature oxidation behaviour of the coatings and diffusion behaviour of metallic elements in the coatings were investigated at 1100 °C. The results showed that the nano-sized HfO₂ filled the pores between the powder particles and improved the hardness of the coating. During the high-temperature oxidation process, the oxides formed by Hf and Y had a large size and low solubility, which effectively blocked the diffusion of Al. This slowed the generation of spinel oxides, effectively inhibited the growth of the TGO, it inhibits the initiation and propagation of cracks within the coating, reduces damage to the coating from tensile and compressive stresses at the interface, and improved the high-temperature oxidation resistance of the coating.